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Zanthoxylum dipetalum

H.Mann (1866)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-Rosids Order: Sapindales Family: Rutaceae Genus: Zanthoxylum

kāwa‘u [kawau], kāwa‘u kua kuku kapa [kawau kua kuku kapa]

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Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Trees 4–15 m tall.

Stems: Trunk up to 30 cm in diameter, bark finely fissured–reticulate, new growth glabrous or finely puberulent to tomentose, young branches subtended by a pair of bud scales.

Roots:

Leaves: Leaves compound. Alternate. Leaflets 3–7, lowest pair strongly reduced or rarely 1 or both reduced leaflets absent. lowest pair of leaflets stipelliform or, if expanded, then usually folded or strongly revolute, (0.2–)1.5–3(–4) cm long, arising immediately below lowest pair of normal leaflets; normal leaflets oblong–elliptic, elliptic to broadly elliptic or sometimes broadly obovate, 6–15(–36) cm long, (2.5–)3.5–9(–13.5) cm wide, lateral petiolules articulated only at base, 3–9 mm long, terminal petiolule twice articulated, at base and near leaflet, 8–30 mm long. Leaflet apices apex obtuse to rounded. Base cuneate to rounded. Leaflet surfaces glabrous or lower surfaces rarely puberulent, conspicuously glandular punctate; blades thick, coriaceous. Margins entire rarely weakly emarginate. Normal leaflets lateral veins usually 6–8 pairs, prominent, higher order venation forming a reticulate pattern. Rachis terete (cylindrical) or winged. Stipules absent.

Flowers: Flowers usually 5–15 in terminal or leaf–opposed, open, cymose inflorescences usually 5–10 cm long, peduncles 10–40 mm long, pedicels 3–6(–8) mm long, subtended by a pair of bud scales; bracteoles 1 mm or less long. Flowers unisexual, actinomorphic. Calyx of 4 sepals, broadly ovate–deltate, 1–1.5 mm long, ciliolate. Corolla of 2 or sometimes 4 petals; petals white or yellowish white, sometimes tinged reddish, lanceolate to ovate, 6–10 mm long. Stamens 4, alternate with the petals, glabrous or pubescent, absent in pistillate flowers; anthers medifixed, dithecal. Ovary superior, 2-carpellate, but usually only 1 carpel developing, placentation axile, rudimentary in staminate flowers; ovules 2 per carpel, pendulous; style short, ± coherent; stigmas obliquely orbicular, capitate.

Fruit: Follicles 1–2; ovoid; 15–25(–33) mm long; glandular–pitted; apex conspicuously beaked; the beak 3–8 mm long; exocarp rugose; endocarp coriaceous. Seeds usually 1 per follicle; on a slender funicle; black; ovoid; 10–26 mm long.

Ploidy:

Habitat: Dry to mesic forest; sometimes along margins of wet forest.

Elevation Range: 260–1,280 m.

Historical Distribution

Uses and Culture

USES

Natural History

Statewide Status

Endemic

Island Status

Kaua'i Endemic
O'ahu Endemic
Molokai Endemic
Maui Endemic
Hawai'i Endemic

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Specimens

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Bibliography

Name Published In: Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 10: 319 (1866)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Scientific Name Authorship Locality Habitat Basis of Record Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Zanthoxylum dipetalum H.Mann Kahuamaa Flat. Metrosideros-Cheirodendron-Dicranopteris montane wet forest PRESERVED_SPECIMEN K. R. Wood 18242 Kauai PTBG 7/11/2019
2 Zanthoxylum dipetalum H.Mann makaha valley, 3 mi down makaha ridge rd. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN t. w. flynn & j. randall 1810 Kauai BISH 7/15/1986
3 Zanthoxylum dipetalum H.Mann waimea district PRESERVED_SPECIMEN wood, k.r. aguraiuja, r. collector number: 15418.00 Oahu BISH 2/17/2013
4 Zanthoxylum dipetalum H.Mann Waimea District. Nuololo, north facing slopes above northern branch. Metrosideros-Acacia montane mesic forest with Alphitonia, Pouteria, Xylosma hawaiiensis, Claoxylon, Myrsine lanaiensis, Wikstromia furcta, Dodonea, Kadua affins, Melicope avata, M. anisate, Dracaena aurea, Polyscias kavaiensis, Psychotri PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Wood, K.R. Query, M.; Kirkpatrick M. Collector Number: 15098 Kauai BISH 7/18/2012
5 Zanthoxylum dipetalum H.Mann Lahaina District. Kauaula valley, South slope, below Helu summit, west Maui Diospyros sandwicensis-Metrosideros mesic forest. With Nestegis sandwicensis, Pisonia, Zanthoxylum hawaiiense, Cyrtandra grayi, Coprosma foliosa, Cheirodendron trigynum, Dodonaea viscosa, Polyscias oahuensis, Myrsine lanaiensis, Sophora chrysophylla PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Perlman, S. 23854 Maui BISH 2/13/2014
6 Zanthoxylum dipetalum H.Mann Lahaina District; Kauaula Valley, South slope, below Helu summit PRESERVED_SPECIMEN S. Perlman 23854 NY 2/13/2014
7 Zanthoxylum dipetalum H.Mann lahaina district; kauaula valley, south slope, below helu summit PRESERVED_SPECIMEN s. perlman 23854 NY 2/13/2014
8 Zanthoxylum dipetalum H.Mann Kauaula valley, South slope, below Helu summit, west Maui Diospyros sandwicensis- Metrosideros mesic forest PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Steve Perlman 23854 Maui PTBG 2/13/2014
9 Zanthoxylum dipetalum H.Mann West Maui, Kauaula Valley, South slope. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hank Oppenheimer H41338 Maui PTBG 4/24/2013
10 Zanthoxylum dipetalum H.Mann West Maui, Kauaula valley, below Helu summit, on west facing slope Diospyros sandwicensis- Metrosideros mesic forest PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Steve Perlman 24927 Maui PTBG 4/13/2016
11 Zanthoxylum dipetalum H.Mann Anahola Mountains, near SE end of range. Mesic forest on ridge. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Merlin Edmonds ME309 Kauai PTBG 3/22/2015
12 Zanthoxylum dipetalum H.Mann Kawaiiki Ridge, slope above Koaie, west of twin falls. Montane mixed dry to mesic forest, just below Metrosideros-Acacia forest PRESERVED_SPECIMEN K. R. Wood 16466 Kauai PTBG 6/4/2015
13 Zanthoxylum dipetalum H.Mann Koluia Ridge PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O.; Degener, I.; Hansen, A. W. 23920 Kauai US 9/9/1955
14 Zanthoxylum dipetalum H.Mann Waimea district, Kawaiiki region, north facing slopes below dividing ridge above twin falls. Mesic forest PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Wood, K. R.; Perlman, S. P. 17175 Kauai US 11/1/2016
15 Zanthoxylum dipetalum H.Mann Makaha valley, 3 mi down Makaha Ridge Rd. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Flynn, T. W.; Randall, J. E. 1810 Kauai US 7/15/1986
16 Zanthoxylum dipetalum H.Mann koluia ridge PRESERVED_SPECIMEN o. degener, i. degener & a. hansen 23920 Kauai US 9/9/1955
17 Zanthoxylum dipetalum H.Mann West Maui, Lahaina District, Kaua`ula Valley, south slope. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Oppenheimer, H. L.; Padgett, M.; Perlman, S. P. H41608 Maui US 4/13/2016
18 Zanthoxylum dipetalum H.Mann Ridge .75 mi N of Laaukahi, Koloa, NW facing slope. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN St. John, H.; Cowan, R. S.; Webster, G. L.; Wilbur, R. L. 23011 Kauai US 12/24/1947
19 Zanthoxylum dipetalum H.Mann West Maui, Lahaina District, Kaua`ula Valley, south slope. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN H. L. Oppenheimer, M. Padgett & S. P. Perlman H41608 Maui US 4/13/2016
20 Zanthoxylum dipetalum H.Mann Waimea district, Kawaiiki region, north facing slopes below dividing ridge above twin falls. Mesic forest PRESERVED_SPECIMEN K. R. Wood & S. P. Perlman 17175 Kauai US 11/1/2016
21 Zanthoxylum dipetalum H.Mann west maui, lahaina district, kaua`ula valley, south slope. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN h. l. oppenheimer, m. padgett & s. p. perlman h41608 Maui US 4/13/2016
22 Zanthoxylum dipetalum H.Mann waimea district, kawaiiki region, north facing slopes below dividing ridge above twin falls. Mesic forest PRESERVED_SPECIMEN k. r. wood & s. p. perlman 17175 Kauai US 11/1/2016
23 Zanthoxylum dipetalum H.Mann Kawaiiki region, north facing slopes below dividing ridge above twin falls. Metrosideros-Acacia mesic forest PRESERVED_SPECIMEN K. R. Wood 17175 Kauai PTBG 11/1/2016
24 Zanthoxylum dipetalum H.Mann ridge .75 mi n of laaukahi, koloa, nw facing slope. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN h. st. john, r. s. cowan, g. l. webster & r. l. wilbur 23011 USF 12/24/1947
25 Zanthoxylum dipetalum H.Mann Awaawapuhi Trail PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Corn, C. A-274 Kauai BISH 6/16/1987
26 Zanthoxylum dipetalum H.Mann kalalau valley, drainage west of pohakulele camp and east of huna. diospyros mixed mesic forest occasional in area PRESERVED_SPECIMEN wood, k.r. demotta, m collector number: 11655 Kauai BISH 12/15/2005
27 Zanthoxylum dipetalum H.Mann Waimea District. Kawaiiki region, north facing slopes below dividing ridge above twin falls. Metrosideros-Acacia mesic forest with Myrsine lanaiensis, Myoporum sandwicensis, Kadua affinis, Xylosma hawaiiense, Planchonella sandwicensis, Ilex anomala, Perrottetia sandwicensis, Charpentiera elliptica, Chrysodracon aurea, Elaeocar PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Wood, K.R. 17175 Kauai BISH 11/1/2016
28 Zanthoxylum dipetalum H.Mann Lahaina District. W. Maui, Kauaula Valley, south slope. About one-third down from valley rim towards stream, northwest aspect. W/ Metrosideros, Sophora, Nestegis, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Pipturus, Achyranthes, Diospyros, Myrsine, Melicope, Pleomele, Remya, Dryopteris, Senna, Ipomoea, Neraudia, Lysimachia, Wikstroemia, Osteomeles, PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Oppenheimer, H.L. H21405 Maui BISH 2/13/2014
29 Zanthoxylum dipetalum H.Mann Maui, W Maui, Lahaina District, Kauaula Valley, S slope on steep, rocky slope. Vegetation: Metrosideros, Sophora, Nestegis, Coprosma, Dodonaea, Pipturus, Achyranthes, Diospyros, Myrsine, Melicope, Pleomele, Remya, Dryopteris, Senna, Ipomoea, Neraudia, Lysimachia, Wikstroemia, Osteomeles, Trisetum, Panicum, Microlepia, Lysimachia, Eragrostis, Alyxia, Lipochaeta, Bidens, Peperomia, Ageratina, Lantana, Grevillea, Conyza, Petroselinum. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Oppenheimer, H.L. H41338 Maui BISH 4/24/2013
30 Zanthoxylum dipetalum H.Mann waimea district. nuololo, north facing slopes above northern branch. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN wood, k.r. query, m.; kirkpatrick m. collector number: 15098 Maui BISH 7/18/2012
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